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''Ārzī Hukūmat-e-Āzād Hind'' |conventional_long_name = Provisional Government of Free India |common_name = Azad Hind |continent = Asia |region = South East Asia |country = India |era = World War II |status = Provisional government supported by Japan |year_start = 1943 |date_start = 21 October |date_end = 18 August |year_end = 1945 |p1 = British Raj |flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg |s1 = British Raj |flag_s1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg |image_flag = 1931 Flag of India.svg |image_coat = Flag of Azad Hind.svg |symbol = Indian National Army |symbol_type = Insignia |image_map = Free India orthographic map.png |image_map_caption = Light green: Territory claimed. Dark green: Territory controlled (with Japanese assistance). |national_anthem = ''Subh Sukh Chain'' |capital = Port Blair (provisional) |capital_exile = Rangoon Singapore |common_languages = Hindustani |government_type = Provisional government |title_leader = Head of State |leader1 = Subhas Chandra Bose |year_leader1 = 1943–1945 |title_deputy = Prime Minister |deputy1 = Subhas Chandra Bose |year_deputy1 = 1943–1945 |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = |stat_year1 = |currency = Rupee |footnotes = }} Ārzī Hukūmat-e-Āzād Hind ((ヒンディー語:आर्ज़ी हुक़ूमत-ए-आज़ाद हिन्द); ; (ネパール語:आजाद हिन्द)), the Provisional Government of Free India, or, more simply, Free India (Azad Hind), was an Indian provisional government established in Singapore in 1943 and was supported by Japan. It was a part of a political movement originating in the 1940s outside of India with the purpose of allying with Axis powers to free India from British Rule established by Indian nationalists-in-exile during the latter part of the Second World War in Singapore with monetary, military and political assistance from Imperial Japan. After completing the task of reorganising the Indian Independence League and launching preparations for revolutionising the army, and after conducting a successful campaign to mobilise the support of the Indian communities throughout Southeast Asia—a phase which lasted from July to October—Netaji turned toward formation of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India) in Germany. This had to be done before the army could be sent for action in the battlefield. Founded on 21 October 1943, the government was inspired by the concepts of Subhas Chandra Bose who was also the leader of the government and the Head of State of this Provisional Indian Government-in-exile. The government proclaimed authority over Indian civilian and military personnel in Southeast Asian British colonial territory and prospective authority over Indian territory to fall to the Japanese forces and the Indian National Army during the Japanese thrust towards India during the Second World War.〔Borra R., ''Op. Cit.''〕 The government of Azad Hind had its own currency, court and civil code, and in the eyes of some Indians its existence gave a greater legitimacy to the independence struggle against the British.〔The INA trial and the Raj. By Harkirat Singh.pp 102–103.Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2003. ISBN 81-269-0316-3〕〔From Plassey to partition. By Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa.pp428.Orient Blackswan, 2004. ISBN 81-250-2596-0〕 However, while it possessed all the nominal requisites of a legitimate government, it lacked large and definite areas of sovereign territory until Japan gave it nominal authority of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1943 and the occupation of parts of Manipur and Nagaland. Japanese officials made all the decisions, and throughout its existence it was entirely dependent on Japanese support.〔C. Bayly & T. Harper ''Forgotten Armies. The Fall of British Asia 1941–45'' (London: Allen Lane) 2004 pp323-327〕 Immediately after the formation of the government-in-exile, Azad Hind declared war against the Anglo-American allied forces on the Indo-Burma Front.〔Pandit, HN. ''Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’’ Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1988, p.331''〕 Its army, the "Azad Hind Fauj", (Indian National Army or the ''INA'') went into action against the British Indian Army and the allied forces as part of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Imphal-Kohima sector. The INA had its first major engagement at the battle of Imphal where, under the command of the Japanese Fifteenth Army, it breached the British defences in Kohima, reaching the salient of Moirang before suffering a catastrophic defeat as the Allied forces held, and Allied air dominance and compromised supply lines forced both the Japanese and the INA to retreat.〔Das S. Indian National Army in South East Asia. The Hindustan Times. Special Edition. http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/enlisting3.htm. URL Accessed on 13 August 2006.〕 The existence of Azad Hind was essentially coterminous with the existence of the Indian National Army. While the government itself continued until the civil administration of the Andaman Islands was returned to the jurisdiction of the British towards the end of the war, the limited power of Azad Hind was effectively ended with the surrender of the last major contingent of INA troops in Rangoon. The supposed death of Bose is seen as the end of the entire Azad Hind Movement. Some historians contend that the Azad Hind was a free and independent government. The legacy of Azad Hind is, however, open to judgment. After the war, the Raj observed with alarm the transformation of the perception of Azad Hind from traitors and collaborators to "the greatest among the patriots".〔Edwardes, Michael, ''The Last Years of British India, Cleveland, World Pub. Co.,1964, p. 93''. The Government of India had hoped, by prosecuting members of the INA, to reinforce the morale of the Indian army. It succeeded only in creating unease, in making the soldiers feel slightly ashamed that they themselves had supported the British. If Bose and his men had been on the right side – and all India now confirmed that they were – then Indians in the Indian army must have been on the wrong side. It slowly dawned upon the Government of India that the backbone of the British rule, the Indian army, might now no longer be trustworthy. The ghost of Subhas Bose, like Hamlet’s father, walked the battlements of the Red Fort (where the INA soldiers were being tried), and his suddenly amplified figure overawed the conference that was to lead to independence.〕〔''Encyclopædia Britannica''. (Indian National army ). After returning to India the veterans of the INA posed a difficult problem for the British government. The British feared that a public trial for treason on the part of the INA members might embolden anti-British sentiment and erupt into widespread protest and violence. URL Accessed on 19 August 2006.〕 Given the tide of militant nationalism that swept through India and the resentment and revolts it inspired, it is arguable that its overarching aim, to foster public resentment and revolts within the Indian forces of the British Indian Army to overthrow the Raj, was ultimately successful.〔''Encyclopædia Britannica''. (Indian National army ).〕 ==Establishment== The direct origins of Azad Hind can be linked to two conferences of Indian expatriates from across Southeast Asia, the first of which was held in Tokyo in March 1942. At this conference, convened by Rash Behari Bose, an Indian expatriate living in Japan, the Indian Independence League was established as the first move towards an independent Indian state politically aligned with the Empire of Japan. Rash also moved to create a sort of independence army that would assist in driving the British from India – this force would later become the Indian National Army. The second conference, held later that year in Bangkok, invited Subhas Chandra Bose to participate in the leadership of the League. Bose was living in Germany at the time and made the trip to Japan via submarine. Rash Behari Bose, who was already ageing by the time the League was founded, struggled to keep the League organised and failed to secure resources for the establishment of the Indian National Army. He was replaced as president of the Indian Independence League by Subhas Chandra Bose; there is some controversy as to whether he stepped down of his own volition or by pressure from the Japanese who needed a more energetic and focused presence leading the Indian nationalists. Bose arrived in Tokyo on 13 June 1943, and declared his intent to make an assault against the eastern provinces of India in an attempt to oust the British from control of the subcontinent. Bose arrived in Singapore on 2 July, and in October 1943 formally announced the establishment of the Provisional Government of Free India. In defining the tasks of this new political establishment, Subhas declared: “It will be the task of the Provisional Government to launch and conduct the struggle that will bring about the expulsion of the British and their allies from the soil of India.”〔(【引用サイトリンク】archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423194421/http://www.aicc.org.in/indian_national_army.php )〕 Bose, taking formal command of the demoralised and undermanned Indian National Army from Rash Bose, turned it into a professional army with the help of the Japanese. He recruited Indian civilians living in Japanese-occupied territories of South-east Asia, and incorporated vast numbers of Indian POWs from British forces in Singapore, Malaya and Hong Kong to man the brigades of the INA. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Azad Hind」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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